Beginning with the first desegregation cases in the 1950’s, federal courts first recognized that students attending public schools were entitled to basic “civil” or “fundamental” rights. Since that time, litigation on behalf of students asserting various rights has increased dramatically to include claims of discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, disability, and gender, as well as claims that school districts have violated various other provisions of the United States Constitution, such as the first and fourth amendments. Congress and the General Assembly have contributed to this expansion of student rights with the enactment of complex statutes covering topics ranging in subject from the rights of disabled students to gender equity in sports programs. This Chapter seeks to outline the various constitutional and statutory rights—both federal and state—to which public school students are entitled and which form a substantial portion of the litigation many boards of education must be prepared to defend.